With the rapid development of low Earth orbit satellites, their potential applications in commercial, scientific research, defense, interstellar communication, and Earth observation are increasingly significant! High-precision time frequency sources play a crucial role in satellite applications. Due to the limited space and energy supply on satellites, there are stringent requirements for the size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP) of high-precision time frequency sources.

        Chip-level atomic clocks can provide excellent time frequency standards for geostationary and low Earth orbit satellites, making them ideal onboard time frequency sources!